美國CPA《財務會計與報告》例題（8）

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　　Pension plans overview

　　A pension plan is an agreement in which the employer provides employees with defined or estimated retirement benefits in exchange for current or past services.

　　Two kinds pension plan

　　Defined benefit plan（核算復雜，考試點）

　　Defined contribution plan（401-K，中國的養老保險（不如401-K）優惠）

　　背景知識

　　A pension plan and the sponsoring company are two separate legal entities. 類似中國的繳納公司與社保基金的關系。

　　The pension plan accounting concerned with how the sponsor company accounts for the plan. The concern include

　　Pension expense on sponsor‘s I/S

　　Any related pension accounts on sponsor‘s B/S

　　Pension Plans Characteristics

　　Written or implied（unwritten）

　　Employee Contributory（企業員工的養老保險）or Noncontributory（公務員的養老保險）

　　Funded or Nonfunded（A plan is funded when the employer makes cash contribution to the plan.是否繳費）

　　Overfunded or underfunded（funded status）（僅適用于Defined benefit plans. Pension assets 與 pension liabilities的關系）

　　Types of Plans（GAAP）

　　Defined Contribution Plan（401-K）specifies the periodic amount of contributions to the plan.

　　Defined Benefit Plan defines the benefits to be paid to employees at retirement.Contributions are computed using actuarial assumptions of future benefit payments.

　　Definitions of Pension Plans

　　Accumulated Benefit Obligation（ABO）-The actuarial present value of benefits attributed by a formula based on CURRENT and past compensation level

　　Projected Benefit Obligation（PBO）–The actuarial present value of all benefits attributed by a formula based on FUTURE compensation level.

　　Plan assets are assets set aside to provide for pension benefits.Plan assets should be reported at fair value.

　　Service cost is the present value of all pension benefits earned by company employees in the current year.

　　Interest cost is the growth in PBO for the period due to the passage of time.

　　Prior service cost increases the PBO in the period of the plan initiation or amendment and should be amortized to pension expense over the future service periods of the affected employees.

　　Actuarial Gains and Losses are adjustments to the PBO that arise when the actuary changes one or more of the assumptions used to calculated the PBO.

　　Benefit payments are paid to pension plan participants after retirement.It reduces the PBO and Plan assets at the same time.

　　Actual return on plan assets can be calculated based on the fair value of plan assets at the beginning and ending of the period.

　　實務擴展（側勾REG）FICA tax（withheld by employer）。Federal Insurance Contributions Act.聯邦社會保險捐款法。FICA稅用于維持社會保險和醫療。是收入稅的一種，是美國政府強制征收的稅種。為退休、殘疾、死亡工人的子女支付的聯邦基金。

　　Income Statement Accounting

　　Net Periodic Pension Cost=Sir Age（老先生）

　　Current Service cost

　　Interest cost

　　Amortization of PSC

　　Amortization of Existing Net obligation or net assets（極少見）

　　Prior Service Cost and Gains/Losses are called Pension Adjustment.

　　They are reported in OCI（PUFER）in the period incurred.

　　The tax effects of these items must also be recognized in OCI.

　　They are presented net of tax when transfer to AOCI.

　　They are remain in AOCI until amortized to net periodic pension cost.

　　Current Service cost is provided by the actuary.

　　Interest cost=Beginning PBO X Discount Rate

　?。╡xpected）=Beginning FV of plan assets X Expected rate of return on plan assets.

　　Amortization of PSC=beginning unrecognized PSC / Average remaining service life

　　=Difference between expected and actual return on plan assets+change in actuarial assumptions.

　　Accounting for Gains and Losses

　　Two method–immediately approach and the corridor approach

　　Amortization of unrecognized gain/loss under corridor approach=[Begin unrecognized G/L–max（Begin PBO，Begin Market value of plan assets）X10%] / Average remaining service life.